The Harvard University admissions trial comes to a close on Friday. At the heart of this controversial federal lawsuit is the question of just how much a school can consider race in admissions.
The plaintiff, a group called Students for Fair Admissions, has accused Harvard of discriminating against Asian-American applicants. It argues the school considers race too much, forcing Asian-Americans to meet a higher bar to get in.
Because affirmative action is at the center of this debate, the 15 days of court proceedings attracted a large audience. The public benches in the Boston courthouse were regularly filled to capacity with students, parents, school officials and community members.
But the judge's findings in this case will likely be followed even closer. There is no set timeline for those findings; however, court watchers believe U.S. District Court Judge Allison Burroughs may release her opinion in early 2019. Both sides say they plan to appeal, which means the fate of affirmative action policies could once again end up in the hands of the Supreme Court.
For supporters of affirmative action, diversity on college campuses is on the line. Leaders in the higher education world say taking away race-conscious admissions would result in homogeneous classes. But others, like the plaintiff, say that is an overreaction. They argue that considering someone's race opens the door to racial bias.
What each side has argued
Like many discrimination lawsuits, this case was largely made with statistics. Early in the trial, the plaintiff's attorneys pointed to recruitment numbers and a Harvard program that sends recruitment letters to high school students based on standardized test scores. According to school policy, Asian-American males living in rural states need to score a 1370 on the PSAT to get a letter. White males, however, only need a 1310.
"That's race discrimination plain and simple," argued attorney John Hughes.
Harvard Dean of Admissions William Fitzsimmons pushed back, saying that the college uses that tactic to attract people in rural areas who historically may not have considered the school and that those standards are not used once students enter the applicant pool.
The plaintiff also argued that Harvard officials should be considering race-blind admissions tactics. According to the plaintiff, it's possible to still get a diverse class without considering race, especially if Harvard increased its "tip" for applicants of low socioeconomic status. Harvard officials say doing that would lead to an unacceptable drop in the academic quality of an incoming class.
But it was Harvard's application rating system that took center stage in the trial. The plaintiff's analysis shows Asian-Americans routinely perform better in academic and extracurricular ratings in this system, but they consistently fall behind other ethnic groups in what is known as a "personal score."
When plaintiff's experts limited their analysis to only include top academic performers, the differences in personal ratings became wider.
"The magnitude of racial preferences is quite large," said Peter Arcidiacono, the Duke University economist who conducted the plaintiff's analysis.
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Harvard denies the allegations, and the school's attorneys presented their own set of statistics.
According to David Card — a University of California, Berkeley economist and an expert witness for Harvard — it's misleading to focus so heavily on academic performance. In his analysis, he explains that the school receives several thousand applications with perfect GPAs and standardized test scores. But Harvard only has room for about 2,000 students in its freshman class each year, and school officials argue it takes high scores in multiple fields to get in.
Contrary to the plaintiff's findings, Card's analysis shows that being Asian-American did not impact an applicant's likelihood of getting accepted in a statistically significant way.
So why are these two analyses so different? That was another hotly debated topic. While both Harvard and Students for Fair Admissions were given the same set of application data to prepare for trial, SFFA excluded a group of students that includes recruited athletes, children of alumni and children of faculty. SFFA argued those students have higher admission rates than the general population and would have an outsized influence on the results. But Harvard said conclusions about admission biases cannot be made without looking at the entire applicant pool.
Testimony and takeaways
The trial also included some decidedly emotional testimony.
After spending multiple hours answering questions on the witness stand, Harvard's dean of college, Rakesh Khurana, pleaded, "If I felt there was any intentional discrimination, I would have rung multiple alarm bells, as a professor, as a dean and as a father."
He also maintained it would be impossible for admissions officers to ignore a student's race because, for many applicants, their race fundamentally shapes who they are.
That sentiment was shared by eight Harvard students and alumni who took the witness stand to defend the university for its use of race-conscious admissions.
"I personally benefited from affirmative action," testified Harvard senior Thang Diep. "It allowed my immigration history [from Vietnam] to be taken into account, and my own experiences to be taken into account."
Alum Sarah Cole, who is African-American, testified that she would not have applied to Harvard if it didn't consider race in the admissions process and value diversity in its undergraduate classes.
"Race-blind admissions is an act of erasure," she said on the witness stand. "To not see my race is to not see me."
Regardless of how Burroughs rules, this trial has opened an opaque process to public scrutiny.
And there were several interesting takeaways about how to get into Harvard: Living in a rural state helps; so does a hefty donation to the school. Coming from a low-income family has helped some applicants stand out, and so has being good at sports (recruited athletes enjoy an 80 percent admission rate).
Admissions officers testified that facing adversity, a passion for community service and displaying general qualities of grit have helped some candidates survive the endless cuts required to narrow a pool of about 40,000 applications.
"It's an open secret in our community"
Each side would have the public think it's a straightforward case — Harvard is either discriminating or it's not — but many in the Harvard and greater Boston community have a mixed view.
Harvard senior Jang Lee said he doesn't like that Asian-Americans are being used as a wedge in this discrimination case. He also takes issue with Edward Blum, the conservative legal strategist behind Students for Fair Admissions and the same person who spearheaded the affirmative action lawsuit against the University of Texas, Austin, which made it to the Supreme Court.
"I get angry and frustrated because there's this white guy saying that he supports Asian-Americans," Lee said. "When you look at his track record, it's very clear that he does not care about Asian-Americans or people of color."
Lee believes race-conscious admissions are a good thing and should remain a part of the admissions process, but he concedes Harvard could be doing more to reduce bias on campus and make the school feel more inclusive to minority students.
Harvard graduate student Natalie Bao Tram Le believes race-conscious admissions need to go.
"I'm definitely much more than my race," she said. "I care about human rights, about social change. Affirmative action is overlooking the most important features that a person can bring to the table at school, not just the features that we're born with."
For Asian-American parent Jane Chen, this legal battle was a long time coming.
"It's an open secret in our community," she said. "You have to work 10 times harder than other races to go to a top school."
Chen is part of a group of Chinese-American parents who regularly attended the court proceedings, which were roughly an hour away from their suburban Boston community.
After watching hours of testimony about personal score trends, Chen said she still supports the idea of affirmative action, but she wishes it was more fair to Asian-American students.
"I don't know why Asians are so unlikable through the school's eyes."
Regardless of this court's decision, the debate over this lawsuit is far from over.
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